Emilee Nelson's Blog

The formalities are not unduly onerous in the…

emileenelson — Thu, 22 Jul 2010 01:16:54 +0000

The formalities are not unduly onerous in the sense that there are several commercial agencies who specialise in providing “off the shelf” companies.
The registration requirements include a constitution, made up of a memorandum and articles of association and specifying what the company is formed to do, and how its internal affairs are to be regulated. For any company there must be at least two subscribers, who will become members.
There must also be at least one director if the company is private, or two if it is to be public.
Once the formalities are completed and a certificate issued and the company (public or private) possesses a legal personality of its own, distinct from its membership.
This principle was recognised and sanctioned by the House of Lords at the turn of the century in the leading case of Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd [1897]AC 22.
The crucial repercussions of the company existing in its own right are that it can hold property and raise money on the security of its property and sue and be sued in its own name, and continue to exist and do business despite changes in membership or its directors. Financial Liability of Members
On paper and this is one of the most attractive features of converting a business into a company limited by shares or by guarantee.
In the former type and the liability of an individual shareholder is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the nominal value of his shares in the company.
Thus and to take a very simple illustration, X Ltd might be formed with a nominal capital of £10,000, divided into 10,000 £1 ordinary shares.
This figure of £1 has nothing to do with the market value of the share, but is the legal benchmark for the determination of individual liability.
Thus, if S subscribes for 200 of these shares and pays the company for them at their face (par) value, S’s future personal liability for any debts incurred by the company is nil.
If the shares were only partly paid, for example if S had only contributed £150 for his 200 shares and then his liability would be £50.
It should, however, be pointed out that in practice the extent of limited liability is itself restricted.
Creditors with sufficient bargaining power may well be able to extract personal guarantees from the company’s directors as an additional security, despite the presence of the so-called corporate veil.
In this sense, a small private company may confer no great advantage over the personal liability of a partner.
If the company is limited by guarantee then slightly different considerations apply.
First, instead of a figure based on shares and the members’ liability would be limited to a fixed sum expressed in the memorandum of association on registration of the company.
Secondly and that liability to pay can only arise if the company goes into liquidation.
Personal liability on shares could occur whilst the company is still a going concern.
The choice between going for a company limited by shares or one limited by guarantee is thus largely dependent on whether the surveyors involved are having to put up most of the funds themselves.
Shares are essentially a method of raising funds for the company and so that if money is available by other means (loans from various sources, endowments, etc) there may be no need to form a share company.
A guarantee company can avoid the usual requirement of limited companies to have “Limited” as the last word of the corporate name. A further alternative is the unlimited company.
Here, as the name suggests and the members remain personally liable to meet the obligations of the company. The reasons for choosing this form fall into two main groups.

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That has meant sleeping in bus…

emileenelson — Sat, 10 Jul 2010 05:39:31 +0000

That has meant sleeping in bus stations and caves, bumping in lorries across the Kalahari desert, crowded for days onto the trans-Siberian railway, and sheltering in a mud hut from a rainstorm in Ethiopia.
Their travelling days are now all but over, following a recent trip to Guyana, which landed Horace in the Hospital for Tropical Diseases on his return.
But this universal explorer continues his work at home, plumbing the world about him from the astronomically large to the microscopically small. The Man with the astronomical memory
EVERY clear night, a retired schoolmaster sits in a deckchair in the back garden of his home in the village of Farcet, near Peterborough, and scans the sky with binoculars.
Etched in his memory are the positions of at least 30000 stars, plus 500 fuzzy nebulae.
As his gaze roves across the sky, he checks off what he sees against his mental star map. He can spot any interlopers among the stars immediately.
In this way, George Alcock has discovered four erupting stars, or novae (a world record for visual observations), plus four comets, including the first comet to be discovered from Britain this century. In 1978 he was awarded the MBE for his services to astronomy.
Alcock and the man with the astronomical memory, probably knows the sky better than anyone in the world, possibly in history.
At a time when professional astronomers keep the sky under closer scrutiny than ever before, Alcock’s world-beating achievements rank him with great observers of the past and such as the famous French comet hunter Charles Messier. George Alcock is the outstanding amateur observer of this century.
Indeed, his success demonstrates that there is still a role in astronomy today for the modestly-equipped amateur, a role that professional astronomers recognise and encourage.
Amateur discoveries of unpredictable events such as comets and novae feed vital information to professionals, who immediately swing specialised equipment into action.
Alcock, now aged 70, began his interest in astronomy in his teens, as a result of finding a small star map in an encyclopaedia . His first major contribution came in the field of meteor-observing in the 1930s.
In conjunction with J. P. Manning Prentice, who was then director of the British Astronomical Association’s meteor section, Alcock watched as particles of dust from space dashed at random to their fiery death in the atmosphere, appearing as shooting stars.
From their respective sites at Stowmarket and Peterborough, Prentice and Alcock could work out the heights and paths of the dust particles by triangulation and showing that these sporadic meteors were members of the Solar System, in contradiction to the view of professional astronomers in the United States who believed that they entered from interstellar space.
After the Second World War, astronomers at Jodrell Bank began to track meteors by radar, and Alcock was one of these called in to make simultaneous visual sightings. The radar results confirmed the conclusions he and Prentice had formed.

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Latest profit £24.5 million pre-tax…

emileenelson — Wed, 23 Jun 2010 16:08:22 +0000

Latest profit £24.5 million pre-tax
Employees 3,500
Head Office Murrayfield, Edinburgh
Depots 586 (UK 443, Benelux 117, France 9, Eire 17)
Activity Selling and fitting of replacement car parts
Kwik-Fit chairman Tom Farmer believes in promoting his company out of the downturn. In May, he spent about £150,000 on new livery for 10 outlets he bought in April.
The relaunch expenses paid off, doubling sales at many outlets, according to marketing director Peter Holmes.
The high-profile tactic was repeated on a corporate level in May with a seatbelt campaign developed with the DTI in preparation for rear seatbelt legislation. But Farmer’s strategy is not only about promotion.
In June he issued new shares worth £9.6 million to fund the acquisition of Swanton, a property company set up on Kwik-Fit’s behalf to develop 15 depots. The deal increased Kwik-Fit’s asset base and cut gearing to 20 per cent. The car industry’s poor health is not rubbing off on Kwik-Fit.
“Manufacturers are struggling, but our sales are buoyant as people hold on to old cars,” Holmes says.
It may have something to do with discount offers, advertised heavily in The Sun and in local papers ” though the offer of £1 off tyres costing between £30 and £60 at one London depot seemed a little ungenerous. Staff, however and say they are prepared to negotiate prices. Sally Hamilton
Percentages show quarterly sales growth compared with growth in the corresponding period of 1990. PA CONSULTING
Latest turnover £172 million (year-end December 1990)
Latest profit £2.1 million pre-tax
Employees 1,830 (1990)
Head Office Victoria, London

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Ford tested Options in 15,000 deals for two…

emileenelson — Wed, 02 Jun 2010 01:33:04 +0000

Ford tested Options in 15,000 deals for two years before launching it nationwide and so many of those cars are now coming up for sale.
Ford claims most are selling for enough over the MGFV to pay a deposit on a new Options car now for the same monthly payments. It that keeps up, buyers are likely to remain very happy.
Mel Nichols
winner Ford Options
Manufacturer in Motorsport
Presented by Xtrac Ltd
Criteria
The car maker or major manufacturer of road-car components making an outstanding and successful contribution to motorsport The judges said
“Renault in association with Williams, has demonstrated its ability to achieve the highest level of automotive technology with its crushing superiority in this year’s Formula 1 world championship” Highly commended
VAUXHALL
“Vauxhall deserves credit for strengthening and sustaining the bedrock of motorsport with its imaginative grass roots programme in single-seaters” Finalists
Lancia
“The continued success of the Integrale, winning Lancia its sixth consecutive World Rally Championship constructor’s title, is a testament to the team’s preparation, organisation and will to win” PEUGEOT
“Peugeot set about its intended aims of winning Le Mans and the Sportscar World Championship with great resolve and professionalism” Previous winners
Mercedes-Benz, Renault
Judges

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This was consistent with the DHSS requesting…

emileenelson — Fri, 28 May 2010 15:15:05 +0000

This was consistent with the DHSS requesting still further studies to be done to clarify the situation.
Notwithstanding the status of the Data Sheet, Dista representatives were distributing a booklet in September 1981 based on the presentations at the Paris symposium on “Opren”, which included the studies on elderly patients.
These actions do not support the allegations that Dista Products failed to take appropriate action on this issue.
Dr B. A. Gennery Medical Director Dista Products Ltd Basingstoke, Hants There seems to be some disagreement between the Committee on Safety of Medicines “and Disto Products.
CSM insists that it did not delay unduly action to reduce Opren dosage in elderly sufferers from arthritis Dr Gemer lists a number of dates on which CSM might have acted earlier ” and presumably reduced the toll of sufferers .
What went on privately between Dista and CSM is irrelevant Dr Gennery now produces information that we tried to obtain, with no success, at the time . Dr Frank Lesser
Seals count
The article “Scientists disagree and the seal hunt goes on”(This Week, 2 December, p 547) distorts the recent report by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) on harp and hooded seals in the north-west Atlantic.
First and the report does not conclude as stated “there is no reliable way to assess the status of the seal population” This statement is clearly at odds with the advised ranges of pup production and population size on page six of the report.
Secondly and there is no mention in the ICES report that either seal species is rare or endangered.
Thirdly and the article states that “estimates vary with the Canadian scientists providing the highest estimates, and an independent UK model the lowest” This statement gives a misleading impression.
Estimates of abundance of harp seals were presented for two periods: Norwegian authors provided the highest upper limit for the late 1960s, and the lower limit of the estimates from the analysis by a UK scientist was less than the catch of the 1967 year class of pups.
For that period, estimates by Canadian scientists were between the upper and lower bounds of the UK scientist’s analysis.
Estimates for the period 1977 to 1980 were provided by Canadian and Norwegian scientists In this case the Norwegian scientist’s estimate was in the mid-range of the others.
Your failing to note that two periods of years were involved is a serious omission, Another serious omission relates to the quotation attributed to Mr Parrish that “a decrease [in harp seal population]cannot be ruled out”.
Nowhere in your article is the ICES advice for harp seals quoted, namely a range of 1.2 to 1.6 million in the late 1960s and 1.5 to 2.0 million in the period 1977 to 1980.
A less selective article might have noted that the main thrust of the advice for harp seats is that pup production in 19771980 was likely to have been longer than the later 1960s pup production. Scientific papers must obviously stand on their own merits.
It is unfortunate that your article, wittingly or unwittingly, did not present the ICES report in its true context.
W G. Doubleday Director Resource Research Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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In general, children and adults should not be…

emileenelson — Tue, 25 May 2010 14:47:04 +0000

In general, children and adults should not be given too much milk to drink if they are recovering from a stomach upset.
Yoghurt and cheese (but not cottage cheese) are usually tolerated because they contain far less lactose. Soya milk is lactose-free.
It is also possible that some small babies have insufficient lactase to cope with very large feeds ” they can digest small feeds, but if their morning feed is larger than usual and the extra lactose overwhelms their capacity to cope with it.
This could explain why some babies only have colic in the evening, when the morning feed reaches the intestines and the bacteria that live there begin to feed on the undigested lactose.
This theory has recently been investigated scientifically, and the results suggest that it could well be correct.
In the past, it was often assumed that all babies who could not tolerate milk were lactase-deficient, and this idea is still current in some quarters.
It is now known that most children who are sensitive to cow’s milk are actually reacting to the proteins it contains.
But the diarrhoea produced by this reaction may, in turn, cause lactase deficiency. Doctors refer to this as secondary lactase deficiency .
There are readily available tests for lactase deficiency, but these do not distinguish between true lactase deficiency (or primary lactase deficiency ) and secondary lactase deficiency.
More complicated tests can distinguish the two, and these show that primary lactase deficiency is actually very rare.
So if you are told that your baby is lactase deficient after some routine tests, you should be prepared to question the diagnosis and ask your doctor to help you investigate the possibility of food sensitivity, as described in the following section. What to do about colic
The first and most important step is to get the baby examined by a doctor, who should check for serious problems such as gastro-oesophageal reflux ” acid passing from the stomach up into the gullet (oesophagus), and thus causing pain ” or intestinal obstruction.
Assuming that there are no such problems, and that your doctor can suggest no other likely causes for the excessive crying and then it is worth investigating the possible role of food. Bottle-fed babies
Try giving smaller, more frequent feeds as an initial step ” if the baby has slight difficulties with lactose (see above) then this may be the answer.

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Several other MPs on both sides of the House of Commons…

emileenelson — Fri, 21 May 2010 03:27:47 +0000

Several other MPs on both sides of the House of Commons may soon be urging legal reform. Soviet military research powers on
THE SOVIET UNION is employing 900 000 scientists and engineers on research and development ” 200 000 more than the United States. More than half these are involved in the arms programme.
So says the US Pentagon in a book,Soviet Military Power 1983 , published last week.
The Pentagon claims that the Soviet Union devotes 15 per cent of its gross national product to defence, compared with 7 per cent in the US, and the figure will approach 20 per cent by the late 1980s.
The Pentagon expects the Russian strategic rocket forces to complete re-equipping with the latest series of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) by the mid-1980s.
By then and the totals will be 520 SS 11s, 60 SS-13s, 150 SS-17s, 308 SS 18s and 360 SS-19s. These missiles can carry several warheads each, bringing the total to 6400.
Many of Russia’s ICBMs are accurate enough to destroy American Minuteman ICBMs even though they are housed in protective silos and says the Pentagon.
Russia’s first Typhoon-class submarine, which displaces 25000 tonnes (more than the British aircraft carrier HMS Invincible), has recently started test firings of the new SS-NX-20 ballistic missile, which can carry several nuclear warheads over a range of up to 8300 km.
Another new type of submarine and the Oscar, can fire its 16 cruise missiles over a distance of 500 km to attack ships.
The third new nuclear-powered design and the Alpha has a titanium hull and can dive deeper than any Western submarine. The Alpha cruises at 75 km per hour ” faster than any other.
The Pentagon expects the new Blackjack strategic bomber, which has swing wings like those of the USAF’s B-I, but is bigger and to enter service in 1986 or 1987. Blackjack can carry nuclear cruise missiles with a range of 3000 km.
The Russians unlike most of their Western counterparts, place great emphasis on civil defence.
The Pentagon estimates that 150000 Russians work full time on civil defence during peacetime, This would rise to 16 million in war. The efforts cost $3000 million every year.
One area where the gap between the Soviet Union and the West is most obvious is in space.
Russian satellites weighing a total of 300 tonnes go into space every year ” 10 times as much as those launched by the US. On any given day, between 70 and 110 Russian satellites are orbiting the Earth.
More than half of these are purely military, and only 15 per cent are entirely civilian. The Russians are now developing three new space launchers.
The largest of these will be able to lift six to seven times the maximum load that the space shuttle can carry.
The Russians now have more than 150 major factories building ships, aircraft, missiles, armoured vehicles, artillery, ammunition and explosives.
During 1982 alone and the Nizhniy Tagil Railroad Car and Tank Plant built 2000 tanks.
The Pentagon believes that the Russians are slowly but surely catching up with Western technology, often with Western know-how.

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The puppets are made of leather…

emileenelson — Wed, 19 May 2010 21:43:14 +0000

The puppets are made of leather and have fibre glass feet.
They are used to feed and preen the birds.
Food is forced into the chicks by the keeper’s index finger inside the book.
Bill Toone and the project leader and spent countless hours in the wild, watching how the birds behave and so that the mannerisms could be duplicated using the puppets. He believes the subterfuge is necessary to their survival.
The chicks are eating well and gaining weight.
But officials will not rate the survival chances above 50 per cent until a month after birth. They are being kept in incubators, normally used for premature babies. Their diet consists of chopped two day old mice, and vulture’s vomit.
The turkey and black vultures at the park are well-fed and then scared into bringing up their food to supply the chicks.
The chicks have taken Indian names after regions of their natural habitat, Sisquoc was born on 30 March and has more than doubled his weight of 201.9 grams. Tecuya, is smaller, 165.9 g at birth on April 5, and is causing some concern.
Pieces of eggshell and membrane are being examined to study possible environmental contamination in the condor’s natural food chain. Scientists do not yet know the sex of the chicks.
Females are needed for the breeding programme.
The three condors in captivity are all males.
. only about 20 birds still exist in the wild and in-breeding is feared. IBM chases silicon spies
IBM is still chasing spies.

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When depression is severe, it is an illness requiring medical attention.

emileenelson — Sat, 08 May 2010 02:58:43 +0000

When depression is severe, it is an illness requiring medical attention.
Signs of clinical depression include: a marked change in patterns of eating and sleeping, inability to concentrate, extreme lethargy and deep unhappiness (see chapter 5). Depression may sometimes lead to suicide threats or attempts.
Although attempted suicide has increased among older teenagers and the rate is still well below that for adults. But such threats should never be treated lightly.
They are often a cry for help.
It is not true that those who threaten to kill themselves never do. Consult your doctor in order to be referred for specialist help. Professional help
Parents who recognize that they are out of their depth should always seek help.
They may talk first to someone wise and experienced ” a person they know and can confide in.
They may also need professional help and their family doctor, church minister, head teacher or social worker, could refer them to a psychologist, psychotherapist, psychiatrist or counsellor from a specialist organization. Many parents experience deep pain and despair about their teenage children. Most will have discovered by this time that love involves risk. When we love we are vulnerable.
We fear the pain and hurt that may touch those we love but we lay ourselves open to hurt and pain from them.

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It must be shared, and its final use must…

emileenelson — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 19:41:06 +0000

It must be shared, and its final use must be decided at an early planning stage. The choice of uses may be wide.
In Cornwall and some of the most intractable of wastes can be used for agriculture, for ornamental gardens and playing fields, or be converted to semi-natural habitat, as woodland or heath.
In time there is no reason why some areas might not even aspire to the status of nature reserve.
Even toxic wastes might be reclaimed in this way, provided they are treated to make them safe.
If the “White Alps” can be restored and surely no industrial landscape is beyond redemption. BP backs revolutionary research
Donald Braben
Britain’s largest company is spending at least £2 million in a novel search for new Products and methods.
Scientists and engineers can apply for long term funding to open up new research directions YOU ARE a researcher.
How do you persuade the research council or the science supremo of an industrial research outfit to fund your brilliant new ideas?
Questions similar to this one seem to occupy an inordinate amount of the energies of scientists all over the world, not to mention grouses about the shortsightedness/injustice/lack of imagination of a straight thumbs down to a researcher’s pet proposal.
“New ideas are being stifled by bureaucracy”, is the standard grouse over a beer or gazing into a test tube, along with more detailed criticisms of why the system doesn’t work.
But what would you do if you woke up one morning to find that suddenly you had the chance of starting with a totally clean slate, and putting together your own system.
That’s exactly what happened to me and three years ago, when the largest company in the United Kingdom, British Petroleum and took me on to run a new venture. BP had decided to add a new dimension to its research interests.
Although the long-term aim of the “Blue Skies” project is to lead to new horizons and drum up major new business for BP outside its present main activities and the nature of the research was not specified ” only that it should be based in universities and similar institutions at home or abroad.
And so the Blue Skies project ” or to use its more prosaic name and the Venture Research Unit, got off the ground.
Its philosophy is still developing, but it’s now a very concrete operation ” £2 million has already been committed to 18 research projects in the UK and the Netherlands, Eire and the US, and we are still adding projects to the list. BP gave me flexibility and freedom as well as two colleagues, Derek

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